Parable of the lost sheep

The parable of the lost sheep (Luke 15:1-7, Matthew 18:10-14) is a rich illustration of God’s sovereign grace, effectual calling, and covenantal love. Rooted in the doctrines of grace, this parable emphasizes God’s active role in salvation and the assurance that His purposes cannot fail.

Summary of the Parable

In this parable, a shepherd, representing God, leaves 99 sheep to find one that is lost. When he finds it, he rejoices greatly, symbolizing the heavenly celebration over a sinner’s repentance. This narrative reflects the care and persistence of the shepherd, who ensures the return of every sheep under his care.

Key Themes

1. Sovereign Grace

Central to the idea that salvation is entirely the work of God’s grace. The lost sheep represents the sinner, incapable of returning to the fold on its own. In Reformed thought, this aligns with the doctrine of total depravity, which asserts that humans, in their sinful state, are spiritually dead and unable to seek God on their own (Ephesians 2:1-5). The shepherd’s active pursuit of the sheep highlights that salvation begins with God’s initiative, not human effort.

2. Effectual Calling

The shepherd’s relentless search for the lost sheep reflects God’s effectual calling—the work of the Holy Spirit in drawing sinners to Himself. Just as the shepherd ensures that the lost sheep is brought back, God’s call is irresistible and guarantees the sinner’s response. This assurance is rooted in Jesus’ words: “All that the Father gives me will come to me” (John 6:37). The shepherd’s success in finding the sheep mirrors the certainty of God’s saving work.

3. Particular Redemption

The parable also illustrates the doctrine of particular redemption (or limited atonement). The shepherd’s pursuit of a specific sheep demonstrates God’s intentional and personal love for His elect. This act is not arbitrary; the shepherd knows his sheep by name (John 10:14-15). This emphasizes that Christ’s atonement is sufficient for all but is applied specifically to those whom the Father has chosen, ensuring their salvation.

4. Covenantal Love and Assurance

The shepherd’s actions reflect the covenantal relationship between God and His people. In this covenant, God promises to be faithful to His chosen ones, seeking and preserving them even when they stray. The image of the shepherd carrying the sheep home illustrates the believer’s assurance of salvation—once found, the sheep is secure in the shepherd’s care (John 10:28-29). This reflects the perseverance of the saints: God will preserve His people to the end.

5. Heavenly Joy Over Repentance

From a Reformed perspective, the joy in heaven over one sinner who repents is a testament to the glory of God in salvation. Repentance itself is a gift of God’s grace (2 Timothy 2:25). The celebration underscores the value God places on redeeming His people and glorifying His name through their salvation.

Application

For believers, this parable offers profound comfort and motivation. It reminds them of God’s unrelenting grace and His personal care for His elect. It also challenges the church to reflect God’s love by seeking the lost and rejoicing in God’s redemptive work.

Conclusion

The parable of the lost sheep, magnifies God’s sovereignty, grace, and covenantal love. It reassures believers of God’s faithfulness and invites them to worship Him for His redemptive work, which is rooted in His eternal purposes and executed through His perfect will.